Eighteen football players from Nebraska are contesting the College Sports Commission’s rejection of millions of dollars in NIL deals. The dispute mechanism featured in the House v. NCAA settlement—and the settlement’s ability to withstand potential challenges under state law—now comes into focus.
The dispute, which was revealed by Yahoo last week, is straightforward.
Under the House settlement, the CSC has authority to review prospective NIL deals that exceed $600 to ensure they legitimately involve use of an athlete’s right of publicity, which is recognized by states and makes it illegal to use a person’s identity for commercial purposes without consent. The right of publicity is central to endorsement and sponsorship deals in professional sports and protects name, image, likeness; it usually also safeguards voice, signatures and other uniquely identifying traits.
If a prospective NIL deal is instead a veiled payment to convince an athlete to attend or remain at a school, the CSC can reject it. In other words, pay-for-play deals masquerading as NIL deals are subject to rejection.
One way of assessing the merits of an NIL deal is whether the compensation is tied to use of the athlete’s right of publicity and the degree to which the athlete is obligated to perform acts—such as posting on social media, signing autographs, appearing in TV commercials or otherwise promoting a product or service—to receive the payment. If an athlete has minimal obligations to perform, the payment can appear more like pay-for-play.
Here, the CSC determined that the NIL deals for the players failed to meet the necessary parameters. As reported by Yahoo, the CSC found a lack of information regarding what specifically was expected of the athletes in exchange for Nebraska’s multimedia rights partner, Playfly, buying their NIL rights for future endorsement and commercial opportunities.
Under the House settlement, the Nebraska players have the right to challenge the CSC’s rejection in arbitration. The players have invoked that right.
Arbitration is a major component of the House settlement. If arbitration functions as the NCAA hoped when negotiating the settlement, it will preempt the kind of high-profile and institutionally disruptive litigation that has besieged college sports in recent years.
Unlike litigation, which is public and can be followed closely by fans and journalists, arbitration is private. Litigation and arbitration are sometimes conflated by the media, but they are completely different processes. Arbitration is a private dispute forum that leads to a decision that is very difficult to challenge in court and is governed by confidentiality provisions.
Arbitration has no judge or jury; instead, an arbitrator—sometimes a retired judge or a seasoned attorney—issues an award (decision). Arbitration also does not set precedent, since it is a private matter and the decision is not governed by stare decisis, the legal principle that courts must adhere to interpretations of law set by past decisions.
The process for a neutral arbitrator to review the Nebraska dispute should be completed within about six weeks. Attorneys for the players and the CSC will have the opportunity to present arguments and offer evidence, much like in a trial, but with relaxed rules and in a private venue.
The “loser” of the arbitration may petition a court to review the arbitrator’s award, but the odds are challenging. The Federal Arbitration Act and other laws instruct judges to give substantial deference to arbitrators. Arbitration awards are normally upheld so long as the award was not procured by fraud and the arbitrator didn’t fail to consider relevant evidence or follow basic legal principles. The difficulty of challenging an arbitrator’s award sometimes dissuades the losing party from spending the time and money necessary to mount a viable challenge.
One complicating factor in the Cornhusker players’ situation is that Nebraska’s NIL statute, like those in other states, forbids a “collegiate athletic association” from penalizing a college athlete for earning compensation from NIL activities. It is possible, as Yahoo suggests, that if the players lose the arbitration, they or state attorney general Mike Hilgers could seek an injunction in court to allow the athletes to be paid without losing eligibility. Because such litigation would be brought in state court, a judge might be more favorable to the local football team than to an out-of-state entity like the CSC.
While litigation invoking the Nebraska NIL statute could follow arbitration, it would face headwinds.
For one, once a party agrees to participate in arbitration, it ordinarily agrees contractually to accept the outcome. This is for an obvious reason: If parties could easily sue after arbitration, they would have little incentive to arbitrate in the first place or to incur the financial costs and expenditure of time and energy the process demands.
Contractual acceptance is sometimes captured in a waiver-of-recourse clause, which provides that a party agrees to waive the right to pursue legal claims. The players have invoked the right to arbitration, meaning they acknowledge the possibility of losing. Any language indicating acceptance of the outcome would pose a hurdle in subsequent litigation.
As for AG Hilgers suing, one question is whether he would have sufficient standing to sue over a private contractual dispute. Hilgers would argue that public interests are at stake, particularly because the NIL statute is intended to protect the public and the players are students at a state university. A judge, however, might reason that to the extent there is an objection to a lost NIL deal, the appropriate parties would be the players and the businesses with whom they seek to contract.
It is also worth noting that the risk of state NIL laws conflicting with the House settlement has been known since at least 2025. U.S. District Judge Claudia Wilken, who oversaw the House settlement, declined to find that potentially conflicting statutes and executive orders in states including Georgia, Virginia, Texas, Oklahoma and Tennessee were grounds to halt the settlement. It remains to be seen whether the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit addresses that issue in its review of the House settlement appeal.